11 Managing Permissions and Sudo Users

Understanding File Permissions
- ls -l displays file permissions, owner, and group.
- Permissions are divided into owner, group, and others.
- rwx represents read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions.
Modifying File Permissions
- chmod <permissions> <file> changes file permissions.
- Numeric mode: chmod 777 <file> grants full access.
- Symbolic mode: chmod u+w <file> adds write permission for the owner.
Changing File Ownership
- chown <user>:<group> <file> assigns a new owner and group.
- sudo is required to change ownership of files not owned by the user.
Understanding Sudo Privileges
- sudo <command> runs a command with administrator privileges.
- Users must be listed in the sudoers file to execute sudo.
- visudo is used to edit the sudoers file safely.
Managing Access Restrictions
- chmod 700 <directory> allows only the owner to access a folder.
- Removing write permissions restricts users from modifying files.
- Group and user permissions define who can access and modify data.